Estomas: complicaciones, manejo y prevención. Una revisión actual / Stomas: complications, management, and prevention. An updated review

Introducción. La resección segmentaria del intestino y su derivación temporal o definitiva es un procedimiento frecuente en la práctica quirúrgica, que implica la construcción de un estoma. La enfermedad que lleva a la cirugía, las condiciones clínicas del paciente y los aspectos técnicos en la construcción de la ostomía son puntos claves en la evolución posoperatoria. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura identificando las complicaciones asociadas a la construcción de estomas, con el objetivo de ofrecer herramientas de tratamiento y toma de decisiones al personal médico involucrado en la atención de estos pacientes. Resultados. La cirugía de urgencia, la inmunosupresión, la obesidad y la técnica en la apertura del orificio en la pared abdominal, favorecen la aparición de complicaciones tempranas que requieren manejo médico o reintervención quirúrgica. Conclusiones. Todo paciente con estoma debe ser valorado minuciosamente por el cirujano y la terapista enterostomal en las primeras 72 horas luego de la cirugía.

Introduction. Segmental resection of the intestine and its temporary or permanent bypass is a frequent procedure in surgical practice, which involves the construction of a stoma. The disease that leads to surgery, the clinical conditions of the patient and the technical aspects in the construction of the ostomy are key points in the postoperative evolution. Methods. A review of the literature was performed, identifying the complications associated with the construction of stomas, with the aim of offering treatment and decision-making tools to the medical personnel involved in the care of these patients. Results. Emergency surgery, immunosuppression, obesity, and the technique used to open the orifice in the abdominal wall favor the appearance of early complications that require medical management or surgical reintervention. Conclusions. Every patient with a stoma must be carefully evaluated by the surgeon and the enterostomal therapist in the first 72 hours after surgery.

Early vs. Standard Loop Ileostomy Closure: An Unmatched Case-Control Study / Cierre Temprano vs Estándar de Ileostomía en Asa. Estudio de Casos y Controles no Emparejado

SUMMARY: Early closure of a loop ileostomy (ECI) is a relatively new practice, for which there is insufficient evidence regarding its effectiveness in relation to closure at conventional times. The aim of this study was to report postoperative complications (POC) and hospital mortality in patients with loop ileostomy (LI) who underwent ECI, compared with patients with LI who underwent late closure. Un- matched case-control study. Patients with LI who underwent surgery at Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco (2010-2022) were included. Cases were defined as patients with LI who underwent early closure and controls as subjects who underwent closure at the usual times. No matching was performed, but a 1:1 relationship between cases and controls was considered. Outcome variables were postoperative complications and hospital mortality. Other variables of interest were surgical time and hospital stay. Descriptive statistics were applied with calculation of proportions and measures of central tendency. Subsequently, t-test and Pearson Chi2 for comparison of averages and proportions was applied, and odds ratios and their respective 95 % CI were calculated. In this study 39 patients with AI were operated on (18 cases and 21 controls). Age and BMI average of the studied subjects was 71.3±7.1 years and 27.3±19.8 kg/m2 respectively. Mean LI closure time, surgical time, and hospitalization were: 10.0±0.7 months; 62.5±10.6min; 3.8±0.1 days respectively. POC were only surgical site infections. Three in cases (16.7 %) and 3 in controls (14.3 %). No anastomotic dehiscence or hospital mortality was observed in either cases or controls. There were no differences in comorbidities or surgical site infection between cases and controls (OR of 0.6 and 1.2 respectively) In this experience, the results of performing the CTI were similar to the late closing in relation to the variables studied.

El cierre temprano de una ileostomía en asa (IA), es una práctica relativamente nueva, sobre la que no hay suficiente evidencia respecto de su efectividad en relación con el cierre en tiempos convencionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar diferencias en la tasa de complicaciones postoperatorias (CPO) y de mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con IA sometidos a cierre temprano comparados con pacientes con IA sometidos a cierre tardío. Estudio de casos y controles sin emparejamiento. Se incluyeron pacientes con IA que fueron sometidos a cirugía en la Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco (2010-2022). Los casos se definieron como pacientes con IA sometidos a cierre temprano y los controles como sujetos con IA sometidos a cierre en tiempos habituales. No se realizó emparejamiento. Se consideró una relación 1:1 entre casos y controles. Las variables de resultado fueron CPO y mortalidad hospitalaria. Otras variables de interés fueron: tiempo quirúrgico y hospitalización. Se aplicó estadísticas descriptivas (cálculo de proporciones y medidas de tendencia central). Posteriormente, se aplicó prueba t-test y Chi2 para comparación de promedios y proporciones; y se calcularon odds ratios e intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Se operaron 39 pacientes con IA (18 casos y 21 controles). El promedio de edad e IMC fue 71,3±7,1 años y 27,3±19,8 kg/m2, respectivamente. El tiempo promedio de cierre de IA, tiempo quirúrgico y hospitalización fueron: 10,0±0,7 meses; 62,5±10,6 minutos; 3,8±0,1 días, respectivamente. Las CPO fueron infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (3 casos; 16,7 % y 3 controles; 14,3 %). No se observó dehiscencia anastomótica ni mortalidad hospitalaria en casos ni controles. No hubo diferencias en comorbilidades ni en infecciones del sitio quirúrgico entre casos y controles (OR de 0,6 y 1,2, respectivamente). No se evidenciaron diferencias entre realizar cierre temprano o tardío de IA, respecto de las variables CPO y de mortalidad hospitalaria.

Ghost ileostomy release down: our initial experience

Background: Many publications describe the advantages of the creation of ghost ileostomy (GI) to prevent the need for formal covering ileostomy in more than 80% of carcinoma rectum patients. However, none of the papers describes exactly how to ultimately remove the GI in these 80% of patients in whom it doesn't need formal maturation. Aim: To describe and evaluate the ghost ileostomy release down (GIRD) technique in terms of feasibility, complications, hospital stay, procedure time etc. in patients with low anterior resection/ultra-low anterior resection (LAR/uLAR) with GI for carcinoma rectum. Method: The present was a prospective cohort study of patients with restorative colorectal resections with GI for carcinoma rectum, Postoperatively the patients were studied with respect to ease and feasibility of the release down of GI and its complications. The data was collected, analyzed and inference drawn. Results: A total of 26 patients needed the GIRD and were included in the final statistical analysis of the study. The procedure was done between 7th to 16th postoperative days (POD) and was successful in all patients without the need of any additional surgical procedure. None of the patients required any local anesthetic injection or any extra analgesics. The average time taken for procedure was 5-minutes and none of the patients had any significant difficulty in GI release. There were no immediate postprocedure complications. Conclusion: The GIRD technique is a simple, safe, and quick procedure done around the 10th POD that can easily be performed by the bedside of patient without the need of any anesthesia or additional analgesics. (AU)

Invaginación Apendicular en preescolar: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Appendicular invagination in a pre-school child; a case-report and literature review

La invaginación intestinal sucede cuando un segmento del intestino se introduce en otro. La presentación apendicular es menos común, afectando principalmente a lactantes. Frecuentemente, se comprueba durante el intraoperatorio. El tratamiento es la desinvaginación, seguido de la exéresis del apéndice. De no lograrse, se prefiere la resección amplia o una hemicolectomía derecha. Se presenta en caso de una niña de 4 años que acudió por dolor abdominal, hiporexia, vómitos y sensación de alza térmica; la ecografía mostró conglomeración de asas intestinales e imagen redondeada. En cirugía se encontró invaginación apendicular que compromete el ciego, se resecó la masa hasta el inicio del colon ascendente. Se realizó una ileostomía sin fístula mucosa; el estudio anatomo-patológico informó necrosis del apéndice cecal. Tres meses después se restituyó el tránsito intestinal. La Intususcepción apendicular tiene síntomas inespecíficos. En Perú, puede llegar a ser mortal. Una historia clínica detallada con evaluación minuciosa ofrece un acertado diagnóstico y un tratamiento oportuno.

SUMMARY Intestinal invagination occurs when an intestinal segment is introduced into another segment. The appendicular presentation is less common and affects predominantly infants. The diagnosis is corroborated during the surgical intervention which consists of de-invagination followed by surgical removal of the appendix, if the latter is not possible then a wide resection or right hemicolectomy is indicated. We present the case of a 4-year-old girl who attended with a history of abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting and fever; an abdominal ultrasound showed intestinal agglomeration and a rounded mass. The surgical findings included appendicular invagination that affected the cecum, the lesion was resected until the ascending colon. An ileostomy was performed, the anatomopathological findings indicated necrosis of the appendix. Three months later the normal intestinal transit was restored. Appendicular intussusception has non-specific symptoms and could be mortal in Peru. A detailed clinical history may help in diagnosing and offering proper treatment.

Internal hernia after laparoscopic left colectomy: case series and review of the literature

Objective: Laparoscopic colectomy has gained acceptance as a standard treatment for benign and malignant colorectal disease, such as diverticular disease and cancer, among others. Same as in open surgery, the laparoscopic approach carries a low risk of small bowel obstruction in the postoperative period, but in laparoscopic surgery, internal hernia after laparoscopic left colectomy may be a cause of small bowel obstruction with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. This rare complication may be prevented with routine closure of the mesenteric defects created during the colectomy. Methods: We present four cases of internal herniation after laparoscopic colectomy. Two cases were after laparoscopic left colectomy and two after laparoscopic low anterior resection. All four cases had full splenic flexure mobilization. Routine closure of the mesenteric defect was not performed in the initial surgery. Results: The four patients were treated by laparoscopic reintervention with closure of the mesenteric defect. In two of them, conversion to open surgery was necessary. One of the patients developed recurrent internal herniation after surgical reintervention with mesenteric closure of the defect. All patients were managed without need for bowel resection, and mortality rate was 0%. Conclusion Internal herniation after laparoscopic colorectal surgery is a highly morbid complication that requires prompt diagnosis and management and should be suspected in the early postoperative period. Additional studies with extended follow-up are required to establish recommendations regarding its prevention and management. (AU)

Intervenciones de Enfermería en la reversión del estoma intestinal: revisión integrativa / Nursing interventions in stoma reversal: an integrative review

Introducción: los estomas intestinales representan un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida de las personas; sin embargo, estos deben revertirse después de haberse restituido el tránsito intestinal o la resolución del proceso inflamatorio inicial. Por otro lado, la negación de la persona para su reversión puede deberse a la falta de información y orientación por parte de los profesionales de la salud. Por lo anterior es importante identificar las intervenciones de Enfermería en la atención de la persona con reversión del estoma intestinal. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura de alcance descriptivo en el período comprendido entre los años 2015 a 2020, a través de las bases de datos Wos, Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo y Cochrane. Se seleccionaron 36 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión con el respectivo análisis metodológico. Resultados: Se identificaron las siguientes intervenciones de Enfermería, para el preoperatorio: valoración preoperatoria, preparación intestinal y seguimiento a comorbilidades. El intraoperatorio: profilaxis, preparación de la piel, técnica quirúrgica y cierre de la pared abdominal. En el posoperatorio: cuidado de la herida quirúrgica, calidad de vida y educación. Discusión: es importante la reflexión sobre el tiempo de reversión, la técnica quirúrgica y la importancia de las intervenciones por Enfermería. Conclusión: Enfermería cumple un papel importante en la reversión del estoma, no solo por los cuidados físicos y la educación que se brinda, sino también en las intervenciones aplicables al contexto social y emocional que afectan el estilo de vida de la persona.

Introduction: Intestinal stomas have a significant impact on people's quality of life. However, these should be reversed after gastrointestinal transit has been restored or the initial inflammatory response has gone. In addition, patients may refuse to reverse them due to a lack of information and guidance from healthcare professionals. Therefore, it is important to identify nursing interventions in caring for patients with stoma reversal. Materials and Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted in WOS, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO and Cochrane databases published between 2015 and 2020. 36 articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria with their methodological analysis. Results: The following nursing interventions were identified: preoperative assessment, bowel preparation and follow-up of comorbidities in the preoperative period; prophylaxis, skin preparation, surgical technique and abdominal wall closure in the intraoperative period; surgical wound care, quality of life and education in the postoperative period. Discussion: It is essential to reflect on reversal time, surgical technique and the importance of nursing interventions. Conclusions: Nursing plays an important role in stoma reversal not only because of physical care and education provided, but also the interventions applicable to social and emotional contexts affecting the patient's lifestyle.

Introdução: Os estomas intestinais representam um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos; entretanto, eles devem ser revertidos após o trânsito intestinal ter sido restaurado ou o processo inflamatório inicial ter sido resolvido. Por outro lado, a recusa de uma pessoa em revertê-los pode ser devido à falta de informação e orientação dos profissionais de saúde. Portanto, é importante identificar intervenções da Enfermagem no cuidado da pessoa com reversão do estoma intestinal. Materiais e métodos: no período de 2015 a 2020 foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura de escopo descritivo, através das bases de dados Wos, Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo e Cochrane. Foram selecionados 36 artigos que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão e exclusão com a respectiva análise metodológica. Resultados: Foram identificadas as seguintes intervenções de Enfermagem, para o período pré-operatório: avaliação pré-operatória, preparação intestinal e monitoramento de comorbidades. Intra-operatório: profilaxia, preparação da pele, técnica cirúrgica e fechamento da parede abdominal. Pós-operatório: tratamento de feridas cirúrgicas, qualidade de vida e educação. Discussão: é importante refletir sobre o tempo de reversão, a técnica cirúrgica e a importância das intervenções de Enfermagem. Conclusão: A Enfermagem desempenha um papel importante na reversão do estoma, não apenas nos cuidados físicos e na educação fornecida, mas também nas intervenções aplicáveis ao contexto social e emocional que afetam o estilo de vida da pessoa.

Reconstrucción poscirugía de Hartmann / Stoma reversal after the Hartmann's procedure

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la reconstrucciónn del tránsito intestinal luego de una operación de Hartmann es un procedimiento habitualmente complejo y con alta morbilidad. Objetivo: analizar la tasa de reconstrucción después de la cirugía de Hartmann y resultados posoperatorios en nuestra experiencia. Material y métodos: análisis retrospectivo de pacientes a los que se les practicó la reconstrucción del tránsito intestinal posterior a una cirugía de Hartmann en un período 16 años. Revisamos la bibliografía y nuestra base de datos. Luego traspasamos la información disponible a una grilla de datos construida con variables habitualmente analizadas en la literatura. Finalmente, analizamos los resultados mediante medidas básicas de tendencia central. Resultados: en 16 años realizamos 92 operaciones de Hartmann, de las cuales 69 (75%) llegaron a la reconstrucción. Edad promedio: 58 años. El 52% de los pacientes fueron hombres. La operación de Hartmann fue de urgencia en el 48% y 58% resultaron malignas. Tiempo transcurrido hasta la reconstrucción: en promedio, 9 meses, y el 90% (N 62) de los casos se realizó por vía laparoscópica. Morbilidad general 38% y ajustada a los grados III y IV de Clavien-Dindo fue 11,5%. No hubo mortalidad. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos son semejantes a los publicados y nuestra experiencia nos motiva a continuar eligiendo el abordaje laparoscópico.

ABSTRACT Background: Background: Stoma reversal after Hartman's operation is usually a complex procedure and is associated high morbidity. Objective: To analyze the rate of reversal after the Hartmann's procedure and the postoperative outcomes in our experience. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing reversal after the Hartmann's procedure over a 16-year period with review of the literature and of our database and transferred the available information to a data grid constructed with variables commonly analyzed in the literature. Finally, we analyzed the results using basic measures of central tendency. Results: Over a 16-year period, we performed 92 Hartmann's operations; 69 (75%) reached the reversal stage. Mean age was 58 years and 52% were men. Forty-eight percent of the Hartmann's procedures were emergency surgeries and 58% were due to cancer. Mean time to reversal was 9 months and 90% (n = 62) were laparoscopic procedures. Overall morbidity and adjusted for complications grade III and IV of the Clavien-Dindo classification were 38% and 11.5%, respectively. None of the patients died. Conclusion: The results obtained are similar to those published and our experience motivates us to continue choosing the laparoscopic approach.

Tumor de GIST, presentación no habitual / GIST tumor: an unusual presentation

RESUMEN El tumor estromal gastrointestinal representa el 3% de las neoplasias gastrointestinales; es el tumor mesenquimático más frecuente. Afecta a hombres mayores de 50 años. El 80% son benignos, la mayoría afectan el estómago e intestino delgado. La incidencia de localización extragastrointestinal es desconocida. Paciente masculino de 56 años, tabaquista, obeso, con hipertensión arterial (HTA) y diabético (DBT), anticoagulado, consulta por dolor en fosa ilíaca derecha, posterior a esfuerzo físico. Se realiza tomografía computarizada (TC) donde se visualiza lesión de aspecto expansivo intraperitoneal que muestra realce periférico. Se decide conducta quirúrgica. Se halla un tumor mesentérico. En su presentación, estos tumores hasta en un 60% suelen ser asintomáticos por lo que resultan solo un hallazgo imagenológico; es indispensable, pues, su sospecha clínica y fundamentalmente el aporte de la inmunohistoquímica para la definición de la patología. El CD 117 es el principal marcador. Su tratamiento de preferencia es siempre quirúrgico, acompañado de tratamientos quimioterápicos.

ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) account for < 3% of gastrointestinal neoplasms and are the most common mesenchymal tumors. They are more common in men > 50 years. They are benign in 80% of the cases and usually occur in the stomach and small intestine. The incidence of extragastrointestinal GISTs is unknown. A 56-year-old male patient sought medical care for abdominal pain in the right iliac fossa that appeared after exercising. The patient was a current smoker, obese, had a history of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes (DBT) and was receiving anticoagulants. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed an expansive mass within the peritoneum with peripheral enhancement. Surgical management was decided. During the procedure, a tumor was found in the mesentery. Up to 60% of these tumors are usually asymptomatic and are incidentally found in imaging tests; therefore, clinical suspicion and, most importantly immunohistochemistry, are essential for the diagnosis. CD117 is the main marker. Surgery is the treatment of choice for GISTs and chemotherapy is also indicated.

New use of an absorbable adhesion barrier (INTERCEED) for temporary diverting ileostomy in minimally invasive rectal surgery

Objectives: Sometimes, severe adhesion occurs between the rectus abdominis muscle and the ileal intestinal limbs after temporary diverting ileostomy. This can make ileostomy reversal difficult. The aim of the present study is to assess whether absorbable adhesion barrier made of oxidized regenerated cellulose (INTERCEED) could contribute to improved surgical outcomes in stoma reversal. Methods: This was a single-institutional retrospective study. A total of 36 consecutive patients who underwent ileostomy reversal by a single surgeon were retrospectively reviewed. INTERCEED was inserted between the ileal limbs and the rectus abdominis muscle at the time of ileostomy creation in 12 patients. Surgical outcomes of the ileostomy reversal were compared between patients treated with and without INTERCEED. Results:The degree of adhesion formation between the ileal limbs and the rectus abdominis muscles, operating time, and estimated blood loss were significantly reduced in patients treated with INTERCEED compared with those treated by the conventional approach. None of the patients in the INTERCEED group had postoperative complications after the initial surgery and ileostomy reversal. Conclusions: INTERCEED is suitable for insertion between the ileal limbs and the rectus abdominis muscles because of its softness and flexibility. The use of INTERCEED for diverting ileostomy contributes to reduced adhesion formation, operative time, and blood loss in patients, and further research is needed to confirm our results. (AU)

Unusual Case Report of Synchronous Caecal and Sigmoid Volvulus / Reporte de un caso inusual de presentación sincrónica de vólvulo cecal y de sigmoide

Abstract In the spectrum of patients with intestinal obstruction, volvulus is one of the least frequent etiologies (5-15 %). Synchronous volvulus of two colonic segments in a patient is regarded as rare, with few cases reported in the literature. The present report of synchronous cecal and sigmoid volvulus documents one of them: a patient who underwent subtotal colectomy and formation of ileostomy. Although the preoperative diagnosis of this entity is rare, it should be considered in these intraoperative findings for both intraoperative management, with resection and anastomosis or resection and stoma, and postoperative management. It has a significant impact on mortality if patients are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage, given the bacterial translocation and sepsis that they experience.

Resumen En el espectro de los pacientes con obstrucción intestinal, el vólvulo es una de las etiologías menos frecuentes, siendo esta del 5 % al 15 %. La presentación sincrónica de dos segmentos colónicos volvulados en el mismo paciente se considera una entidad rara, con pocos casos reportados en la literatura. El presente caso de vólvulo sincrónico del ciego y del sigmoide documenta uno de ellos, en un paciente que se llevó a colectomía subtotal con ileostomía. Aunque el diagnóstico preoperatorio de esta entidad es poco frecuente, se debe tener en cuenta a la hora de encontrarse estos hallazgos intraquirúrgicos para el manejo tanto intraoperatorio, con resección y anastomosis o resección y estoma, como posoperatorios, lo que tiene un impacto importante en la mortalidad, si se manejan los pacientes con cubrimiento antibiótico de amplio espectro, dada la translocación bacteriana y septicemias con los que cursan estos pacientes.

Retrospective analysis of short-term curative effect of total laparoscopic loop ileostomy reversal after radical resection of rectal cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To investigate the safety, feasibility and short-term efficacy of total laparoscopic loop ileostomy reversal in patients after resection of rectal cancer. Methods: The clinical data of 20 patients who underwent total laparoscopic loop ileoscopic loop ileostomy after radical resection of rectal cancer at Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, or Beijing Chaoyang District Sanhuan Cancer Hospital from October 2019 to June 2020 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results: All patients had successfully underwent total laparoscopic ileostomy reversal without conversion to open surgery or discontinued operation. No perioperative related death cases were found. In the whole group, the median operation time was 97 (60-145) minutes and the median intraoperative blood loss was 20 (10-100) milliliters. The median Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score was 1.9 (1-5) one day after the operation. Nobody needed to use additional analgesic drugs. The median time to grand activities was 25 (16-42) hours, the median time to flatus was 44 (19-51) hours, and the median hospitalization after operation was 6.9 (5-9) days. No patients underwent operation related complications such as operative incision infection, abdominal and pelvic infection, intestinal obstruction, anastomotic leakage, bleeding and so on. Conclusions: Total laparoscopic loop ileostomy reversal appears to be safe, feasible and with promising efficacy for selected patients.

Disfunción ileostómica en pacientes sometidos a resección anterior baja por un cáncer del recto luego de neoadyuvancia / Ileostomic dysfunction in patients undergoing low anterior resection for rectal cancer after neoadjuvant treatment

Resumen Introducción: La resección anterior baja protegida con una ileostomía en asa (IA) luego de neoadyuvancia es el tratamiento estándar del cáncer del recto bajo localmente avanzado. Objetivos: Investigar la incidencia, características clínicas de la disfunción ileostómica (DI) en estos pacientes y, eventualmente, definir un perfil de riesgo. Materiales y Método: Se analizan 103 pacientes consecutivos. La DI se define como la eliminación por la ileostomía de más de 1,5 litros por día durante 3 o más días consecutivos asociado a distensión y dolor abdominal con intolerancia a la alimentación oral en ausencia de una complicación intraabdominal Clavien-Dindo grado III o mayor. Se comparan el grupo con DI del resto (no DI). Resultados: La DI se presentó en el 14,5% de los casos, se resolvió entre 12 y 70 días (en el 50% superó los 30 días), la tasa de reingreso fue 27% y no hubo reoperaciones en este grupo. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos salvo en el tiempo de hospitalizarán y la tasa de reingresos. Discusión: La DI corresponde a un tipo de íleo posoperatorio de gravedad y duración variable que paradojalmente se asocia con la eliminación de altos volúmenes de contenido intestinal por la IA, requiere aporte vigoroso de volumen y electrolitos y en los casos más graves apoyo con nutrición parenteral. El cuadro revierte en plazos variables con manejo conservador. En este estudio no se ha logrado definir un perfil del paciente en riesgo de sufrir esta complicación o factores predictivos de ella.

Background: Diverting loop ileostomy (LI) is commonly performed to protect a distal anastomosis after a low anterior resection. Aim: To investigate the frecuency and clinical features of ileostomic dysfunction (ID) and, eventually, to define a profile of patients at risk of this complicaction. Materials and Method: 103 consecutive patients operated on for rectal cancer were included. ID is defined when the maxime output was more than 1,5 lt/day for three or more consecutive days with biochemical disturbances, associated to abdominal distension and the inability to tolerate oral feeding without postoperative severe complication. Patients with ID were compared with noID group. Results: ID developed in 15 patients, lasting between 12 and 70 days (50% for more then 30 days), the readmission rate was 27% without reoperation in this group. Except for inhospital time and readmission rate, no other difference between both groups were founded. Discussion: ID is a kind of paralitic ileus of variable intensity with paradox high output ileostomy leading to depletion of water and electrolyte imbalance. ID requires reposition of high volumen of fluids and electrolytes and sometimes parenteral nutrition with full recovery in variable periods without invasive treatment. In this study it was not possible to define a patient profile at risk or predictive factores of this complication.

Revising our concepts about stoma covering a low rectal anastomosis

Introduction: There has been conclusive evidence that defunctioning stoma with either transverse colostomy or ileostomy mitigates the serious consequences of anastomotic leakage. However,whether transverse colostomy or ileostomy is preferred for defunctioning a rectal anastomosis remains controversial. The present study was designed to identify the best defunctioning stoma for colorectal anastomosis. Objective: To improve the quality of life in patients with rectal resection and anastomosis and reduce the morbidity before and after closure of the stoma. Patients and Methods The present study included 48 patients with elective colorectal resection who were randomly arranged into 2 equal groups, with 24 patients each. Group I consisted of patients who underwent ileostomy, and group II consisted of patients who underwent colostomy as a defunctioning stoma for a low rectal anastomosis. All surviving patients were readmitted to have their stoma closed and were followed-up for 6 months after closure of their stomas. All data regarding local and general complications of construction and closure of the stoma of the two groups were recorded and blotted against each other to clarify the most safe and tolerable procedure. Results: We found that all nutritional deficiencies, dehydration, electrolytes imbalance, peristomal dermatitis, and frequent change of appliances are statistically more common in the ileostomy group, while stomal retraction and wound infection after closure of the stoma were statistically more common in the colostomy group. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the total hospital stay and mortality between the two groups. Conclusion and Recommendation: Ileostomy has much higher morbidities than colostomy and it also has a potential risk of mortality; therefore, we recommend colostomy as the ideal method for defunctioning a distal colorectal anastomosis. (AU)

Morbidity and mortality associated with loop ileostomy closure procedures in a reference service in coloproctology in Recife, Pernambuco / Morbimortalidade associada aos procedimentos de fechamento de ileostomia em alça em um serviço de referência em coloproctologia em Recife, Pernambuco (PE)

Objective: To evaluate the morbidity and mortality related to the surgical procedure of loop ileostomy closure, in a reference service in coloproctology, as well as possible variables that may be related to a higher frequency of complications. Methods: A retrospective study evaluated 66 procedures of loop ileostomy closure, performed between December 2005 and December 2017, at the coloproctology service of Barão de Lucena Hospital, in Recife, Brazil. Results: There were complications in 20 (30.3%) patients, 11 of whom were classified as grade I (Clavien-Dindo), and 9 of whom were classified as grade II to V. In 7.6% of the cases, one or more surgical reassessments were required. Mortality was 1.5%. There was no statistical relevance in the correlation of the studied variables with the occurrence of complications. Conclusion: Loop ileostomy closure presents an important morbidity, reaching more than 30%, although mortality is low. The analyzed variables did not show significant statistics for a higher occurrence of complications. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar a morbimortalidade relacionada ao procedimento cirúrgico de fechamento ileostomia em alça, em um serviço de referência em coloproctologia, bem como possíveis variáveis que possam se relacionar com uma maior frequência de complicações. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, com análise de prontuários de 66 procedimentos de fechamento de ileostomia em alça, realizados entre dezembro de 2005 e dezembro de 2017, no serviço de coloproctologia do Hospital Barão de Lucena, em Recife, PE. Resultados: Houve complicações em 20 (30,3%) pacientes, sendo 11 delas classificadas como grau I (Clavien-Dindo) e 9 classificadas de grau II a V. Em 7,6% dos casos, houve necessidade de uma oumais reabordagens cirúrgicas. Amortalidade foi de 1,5%. Não houve relevância estatística na correlação das variáveis estudadas com a ocorrência de complicações. Conclusão: O procedimento cirúrgico de fechamento de ileostomia apresenta morbidade importante, podendo chegar a mais de 30%, embora a mortalidade seja baixa. As variáveis analisadas não demonstraram significância estatística para maior ocorrência de complicações. (AU)

Role of covering Ileostomy in causation of anastomotic strictures in low anterior resections for rectum carcinoma / O papel da ileostomia de proteção como causa das estenoses anastomóticas nas ressecções anteriores de reto

Abstract Background Colorectal resection anastomosis is the commonest cause of rectal strictures. Anastomotic site ischemia, incomplete doughnuts from stapled anastomosis and pelvic infection, are some of the risk factors that play a role in the development of postoperative rectal strictures. However, the role of diverting stoma in the development of rectal strictures has not been studied extensively. Objectives To study the difference in the occurrence of anastomotic strictures (AS) in patients submitted to low anterior resection (LAR) with covering ileostomy (CI), and to LAR without CI for carcinoma rectum. Methods This was a prospective, comparative case control study carried out at a tertiary care referral center. Low anterior resection with covering ileostomy was performed in patients with rectum carcinoma in the study group, while LAR without covering ileostomy was performed in the control group. The study group had 29 patients, while the control group had 33 patients with rectum carcinoma. Results During themean follow-up period of 9.1months, 8 (28%) patients in the study group and 2 (6%) patients in the control group developed AS (p =0.019). Out of these 8 patients with AS in the study group, 50% had Grade-I AS, 25% had Grade-II AS, while 25% of the patients had Grade-III (severe) AS. However, both patients who developed AS in the control group had a mild type (Grade I) of AS. Conclusion Covering ileostomy increases the chances of AS formation after LAR for rectum carcinoma. Also, the SKIMS Clinical Grading of Rectal Strictures is a simple and

Resumo Introdução A anastomose de ressecção colorretal é a causa mais comum de estenoses retais. A isquemia do local da anastomose, donuts (anéis) incompletos de anastomose grampeada e infecção pélvica são alguns dos fatores de risco que desempenham um papel no desenvolvimento de estenoses retais pós-operatórias. No entanto, o papel do estoma de desvio no desenvolvimento de estenoses retais não foi estudado extensivamente. Objetivos Estudar a diferença na ocorrência de estenoses anastomóticas (EA) em pacientes submetidos à ressecção anterior baixa (LAR) com ileostomia de proteção e a LAR sem ileostomia de proteção para carcinoma de reto. Métodos Este foi um estudo prospectivo e comparativo de caso-controle realizado em um centro de referência de atenção terciária. A ressecção anterior baixa com ileostomia de proteção foi realizada em pacientes com carcinoma de reto no grupo de estudo, enquanto LAR sem ileostomia de proteção foi realizada no grupo controle. O grupo de estudo tinha 29 pacientes, enquanto o grupo controle tinha 33 pacientes com carcinoma de reto. Resultados Durante o período de acompanhamento médio de 9, 1 meses, 8 (28%) pacientes no grupo de estudo e 2 (6%) pacientes no grupo controle desenvolveram EA (p=0,019). Destes 8 pacientes com EA no grupo de estudo, 50% tinham EA de Grau I, 25% tinhamEA de Grau II, enquanto 25% dos pacientes tinham EA de Grau III (grave). No entanto, ambos os pacientes que desenvolveram EA no grupo de controle tinham um tipo leve (Grau I) de EA. Conclusão A ileostomia de proteção aumenta as chances de formação de AS após LAR para carcinoma de reto. Além disso, o SKIMS Clinical Grading of Rectal Strictures é uma ferramenta simples e útil disponível para cada cirurgião para graduar, classificar e monitorar as estenoses retais pós-operatórias.

Perfil epidemiológico e clínico de pacientes ostomizados e sua relação com Índice de comorbidades de Charlson / Clinical and Epidemiologic profile of ostomyzed patients e its relation with Charlson Comorbidity Index

RESUMO Introdução: A cirurgia de confecção de ostomia é um procedimento corriqueiro que envolve diversos fatores ambientais, psicossociais e técnicos. Porém este procedimento gera limitações na vida do paciente, seja ele permanente ou temporário. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes que realizaram ostomias no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Tubarão-SC e associar com suas comorbidades de acordo com o Índice de Comorbidades de Charlson (ICC). Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal descritivo, incluiu 79 pacientes ostomizados durante o período de 2008 a 2018. Resultados: Houve maior prevalência do sexo masculino (60,8%), a principal causa foi neoplasia de cólon (41,8%), as complicações tardias mais frequentes foram hérnia (21,5%), prolapso (17,7%) e fistula (15,2%). A pontuação do ICC foi a mais elevada (maior gravidade) nos pacientes com neoplasia de cólon. Os pacientes do sexo masculino apresentaram oito vezes mais risco de prolapso e três vezes mais risco de hérnia. Pacientes com ostomia permanente apresentaram ICC mais elevado que os de temporária. Conclusão: Estratégias de prevenção e avaliação das comorbidades são fundamentais para o seguimento de pacientes ostomizados. PALAVRA-CHAVE: Estomia, colostomia, ileostomia, comorbidade

ABSTRACT Introduction: Ostomy surgery is a common procedure that involves several environmental, psychosocial and technical factors. However, this procedure generates limitations in the patient's life, whether it is permanent or temporary. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of patients who underwent ostomies at the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição in Tubarão-SC and associate it with their comorbidities according to the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study included 79 ostomy patients from 2008 to 2018. Results: There was a higher prevalence of males (60.8%), the main cause was colon cancer (41.8%), the more frequent late complications were hernia (21.5%), prolapse (17.7%) and fistula (15.2%). The CCI score was the highest (greater severity) in patients with colon cancer. Male patients had an eight-fold higher risk of prolapse and three-fold higher risk of of hernia. Patients with permanent ostomy had higher CCI than temporary ones. Conclusion: Strategies of prevention and assessment of comorbidities are essential for the follow-up of ostomy patients. KEYWORDS: Ostomy, colostomy, ileostomy, comorbidity

Meta analysis of diseased bowel resection versus diversion enterostomy in the treatment of late severe complications of chronic radiation-induced rectal injury / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of diseased bowel resection and diversion enterostomy in the treatment of late severe complications of chronic radiation-induced late rectal injury (RLRI). Methods: Studies about comparison of diseased bowel resection and diversion enterostomy in the treatment of late severe complications of chronic RLRI were screened and retrieved from databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, CBM and Wanfang. The following terms in Chinese were used to search [Title/Abstract]: radiation-induced intestinal injury, radiation proctitis, surgery. The following English terms were used to search: Radiation-induced intestinal injury, Bowel injury from radiation, Radiation proctitis, Surgery, Colostomy. Literature inclusion criteria: (1) studies with control groups, published at home and abroad publicly, about the postoperative effects of diseased bowel resection vs. diversion enterostomy on RLRI patients with late severe complications; (2) the period of the study performed in the literatures must be clear; (3) patients at the preoperative diagnosis for RLRI with refractory bleeding, narrow, obstruction, perforation or fistula, etc.; (4) diseased bowel resection included Hartmann, Dixon, Bacon and Parks; diversion enterostomy included colostomy and ileostomy; (5) if the studies were published by the same institution or authors at the same time, the study with the biggest sample size was chosen; studies conducted in different time with different subjects were simultaneously included; (6) at least one prognostic indicator of the following parameters should be included: the improvement of symptoms, postoperative complications, mortality, and reversed stomas rate. The stoma reduction rate was defined as the ratio of successful closure of colostomy after diseased bowel resection and diversion enterostomy. The method of direct calculation or the method of convert into direct calculation were used for stoma reduction rate. Exclusion criteria: (1) a single-arm study without control group; (2) RLRI patients did not undergo diseased bowel resection or diversion enterostomy at the first time; (3) RLRI patients with distant metastasis; (4) the statistical method in the study was not appropriate; (5) the information was not complete, such as a lack of prognosis in the observational indexes. After screening literatures according to criteria, data retrieval and quality evaluation were carried out. Review Manager 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis. Sensitivity analysis was used to exam the stability of results. Funnel diagram was used to analyze the bias of publication. Results: A total of 11 literatures were enrolled, including 426 RLRI patients with late severe complications, of whom 174 underwent diseased bowel resection (resection group) and 252 underwent diversion enterostomy (diversion group), respectively. Compared with diversion group, although resection group had a higher morbidity of complication (35.1% vs. 15.9%, OR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.58 to 4.53, P<0.001), but it was more advantageous in symptom improvement (94.2% vs. 64.1%, OR=6.19, 95% CI: 2.47 to 15.52, P<0.001) and stoma reductions (62.8% vs. 5.1%, OR=15.17, 95% CI: 1.21 to 189.74, P=0.030), and the differences were significant (both P<0.05). No significant difference in postoperative mortality was found between the two groups (10.1% vs. 18.8%, OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.21 to 2.59, P=0.640). There were no obvious changes between the two groups after sensitivity analysis for the prognostic indicators (the symptoms improved, postoperative complications, mortality, and reversed stomas rate) compared with the meta-analysis results before exclusion, suggesting that the results were robust and credible. Funnel diagram analysis suggested a small published bias. Conclusions: Chronic RLRI patients with late severe complications undergoing diseased bowel resection have higher risk of complication, while their long-term mortality is comparable to those undergoing diversion enterostomy. Diseased bowel resection is better in postoperative improvement of symptoms and stoma reduction rate.

Protective colostomy and protective ileostomy for the prevention of anastomotic leak in patients with rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and radical surgery / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To investigate whether protective colostomy and protective ileostomy have different impact on anastomotic leak for rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and radical surgery. Methods: A retrospectively cohort study was conducted. Inclusion criteria: (1) Standard neoadjuvant therapy before operation; (2) Laparoscopic rectal cancer radical resection was performed; (3) During the operation, the protective enterostomy was performed including transverse colostomy and ileostomy; (4) The patients were followed up regularly; (5) Clinical data was complete. Exclusion criteria: (1) Colostomy and radical resection of rectal cancer were not performed at the same time; (2) Intestinal anastomosis is not included in the operation, such as abdominoperineal resection; (3) Rectal cancer had distant metastasis or multiple primary colorectal cancer. Finally 208 patients were included in this study. They suffered from rectal cancer and underwent protective stoma in radical surgery after nCRT at our hospital from January 2014 to December 2018. There were 148 males and 60 females with age of (60.5±11.1) years. They were divided into protective transverse colostomy group (n=148) and protective ileostomy group (n=60). The main follow up information included whether the patient has anastomotic leak and the type of leak according to ISREC Grading standard. Besides, stoma opening time, stoma flow, postoperative hospital stay, stoma related complications and postoperative intestinal flora were also collected. Results: A total of 28 cases(13.5%) suffered from anastomotic leak and 26 (92.9%) of them happened in the early stage after surgery (less than 30 days) . As for these early-stage leak, ISREC Grade A happened in 11 cases(42.3%), grade B in 15 cases(57.7%) and no grade C occurred. There was no significant difference in the incidence [12.8% (19/148) vs. 15.0% (9/60) , χ(2)=0.171, P=0.679] or type [Grade A: 5.4%(8/147) vs. 5.1%(3/59); Grade B: 6.8%(10/147) vs. 8.5%(5/59), Z=0.019, P=1.000] of anastomotic leak between the transverse colostomy group and ileostomy group (P>0.05), as well as operation time, postoperative hospital stay, drainage tube removal time or stoma reduction time (P>0.05). There were 10 cases (6.8%) and 24 cases (40.0%) suffering from intestinal flora imbalance in protective transverse colostomy and protective ileostomy group, respectively (χ(2)=34.503, P<0.001). Five cases (8.3%) suffered from renal function injury in the protective ileostomy group, while protective colostomy had no such concern (P=0.002). The incidence of peristomal dermatitis in the protective colostomy group was significantly lower than that in the protective ileostomy group [12.8% (9/148) vs. 33.3%(20/60), χ(2)=11.722, P=0.001]. Conclusions: It is equally feasible and effective for rectal cancer patients after nCRT to carry out protective transverse colostomy or ileostomy in radical surgery. However, we should pay more attention to protective ileostomy patients, as they are at high risk of intestinal flora imbalance, renal function injury and peristomal dermatitis.